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Que célèbre-t-on chaque lundi précédant le 25 mai de chaque année ?

À part le Canada anglais, plus aucun pays, pas même la Grande-Bretagne, ne célèbre l`anniversaire de la reine Victoria I. La vaste majorité des Québécois conviennent depuis longtemps de la nécessité de revitaliser le sens d`un tel jour férié. C`est déjà ce que se disait Lionel Groulx dans les années 1920, en proposant de plutôt commémorer le « martyr du Long-Sault », alors qu`en 1660, Dollard des Ormeaux et ses compagnons périssaient en volant au secours de la Nouvelle-France. Cette commémoration n`avait de toute façon jamais officiellement été adoptée et demeurait une tradition perpétuée par les Québécois, peu disposés à célébrer l`anniversaire de la vénérable souveraine.

Le 22 novembre 2002, le gouvernement du Québec a finalement proclamé que le lundi précédant le 25 mai sera désormais connu au Québec sous le nom de Journée nationale des Patriotes visant à souligner « la lutte des Patriotes de 1837-1838 pour la reconnaissance nationale de notre peuple, pour sa liberté politique et pour l`obtention d`un système de gouvernement démocratique. [...] Nous avons choisi d`honorer de cette manière la mémoire des hommes et des femmes qui, depuis l`implantation des institutions parlementaires en 1791, ont milité pour les droits de la majorité, dont celui du peuple à se gouverner lui-même.»

Qui sont les patriotes ?

Dès 1791, l`Acte constitutionnel accorde au Bas-Canada une assemblée élue. Cette démocratie est cependant imparfaite puisque les députés ne disposent pas des leviers permettant d`appliquer les lois souhaitées par la population. L`essentiel du pouvoir demeure aux mains d`un gouverneur et de conseils nommés par la Grande-Bretagne. Les députés prennent donc progressivement conscience que le véritable pouvoir leur échappe, en particulier quand la liberté de presse leur est retirée, et que sont bafoués les droits du parlement élu.

Les Patriotes sont donc d`abord les adhérents à un parti politique, le premier qu`ait connu le Québec, puis, par extension, ceux qui appuient leurs idées au Bas-Canada et, enfin, ceux qui se porteront à la défense de la liberté et de la patrie lors des rébellions de 1837 et 1838.

Que voulaient les Patriotes?

En janvier 1834, les députés patriotes adoptent les fameuses 92 Résolutions où se retrouvent, entre autres, trois grandes revendications. La première est que le population puisse élire tous les membres du parlement, en particulier ceux de ce Conseil législatif où le gouverneur nomme alors ses favoris. Les Patriotes réclament ensuite que l`assemblée élue ait davantage de pouvoirs et puisse adopter des lois conformes aux souhaits de la population. La responsabilité ministérielle consiste pour eux à ce que les dirigeants soient à l`écoute de la population et non pas seulement au service des puissants intérêts qui dominent l`économie et la finance. Ils exigent enfin qu`on mette un terme à la corruption qui sévit au sein du gouvernement, que les revenus des taxes ne servent plus à enrichir les amis du régime et qu`il n`y ait pas d`ingérence du politique dans l`attribution des emplois et des subsides. On critique par exemple le fait qu`un juge en chef, Jonathan Sewell, soit simultanément payé pour sept emplois !

Pourquoi célébrer les Patriotes au mois de mai ?

C`est en effet au mois de mai 1837 que s`amorce partout au Bas-Canada une série d`assemblées populaires réclamant la démocratie et la justice envers la population. Ces assemblées sont en fait une réponse aux dix résolutions de sir John Russell, votées à Londres en mars 1837, et qui rejetaient chacune des revendications historiques des députés patriotes, en plus de retirer d`importants pouvoirs aux élus du peuple. C`est ainsi que des milliers de personnes vont s`assembler, de Kamouraska à Vaudreuil, de Montréal à Québec, afin de dénoncer les entraves à la démocratie et encourager le peuple à la résistance. Le 15 mai 1837, Louis-Joseph Papineau révèle à Montréal que «la circonstance nouvelle c`est que le parlement britannique prend parti contre nous puisque le gouvernement persécuteur repousse toutes et chacune des réformes demandées». Deux semaines plus tard, William Henry Scott jure à Sainte-Scolastique (Mirabel) que «nous travaillerons sans peur et sans reproche à assurer à tout le peuple, sans distinction, les mêmes droits, une justice égale et une liberté commune».

D`où vient le fameux dessin du «Vieux de `37»?

Il s`agit d`une oeuvre de l`artiste Henri Julien, créée vers 1880 et publiée une première fois pour émailler un poème de Louis Fréchette, «Le vieux Patriote». Selon l`historienne Marianne Thibeault, le vieux Patriote se bat mais surtout il se souvient. Son arme première, c`est la mémoire et... 

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Très intéressant.
 Gilbert St-Aubin Gore Québec   (2019-05-19)
Honneur à nos patriotes .

 

Abréviations



(B) (M) (S) (dans les notes) Baptême, Mariage, Sépulture

AF Aegidius Fauteux, Les Patriotes de 1837-1838 (1950)

ANC Archives nationales du Canada

ANQH Archives nationales du Québec à Hull

ANQM Archives nationales du Québec à Montréal

ANQQ Archives nationales du Québec à Québec

AO Archives d'Ontario

AQHP Association québécoise d'histoire politique

ASN Archives du Séminaire de Nicolet

ASQ Archives du Séminaire de Québec

ASSH Archives du Séminaire de Saint-Hyacinthe

ASTR Archives du Séminaire de Trois-Rivières

BAC Bibliothèque et Archives du Canada

BAnQ Bibliothèque et archives nationale du Québec

BH Beaulieu, André et Jean Hamelin, dir, La presse québécoise des origines à nos jours, Québec, Presses de l'Université Laval, 1973-1990, 10v

BHP Bulletin d'histoire politique

BMS Baptêmes, mariages, sépultures

BRH Bulletin des recherches historiques.

CAN Le Canadien (Québec)

CANJ Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic Journal

CB Catalogue of Books being the complete Library of late Hon L-J Papineau vendus lors d'un encan public en mars 1922, par les frères Fraser, [Montréal, 1922]

CHRISTIE William Christie, History of the Late Province of Lower Canada (Québec, 1841)



CP Chronologie parlementaire, tome 1 1791-1867 (doc inédit), Service de recherche, Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée nationale, décembre 1995

CRLG Centre de recherche Lionel-Groulx

DAF Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue françoise et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle, par Frédéric Godefroy, 10 v, Paris, 1881-1902

DBC Dictionnaire biographique du Canada, 14 v, Québec, PUL; Toronto, UTP

DC Dictionnaire biographique du clergé canadien-français, par J-B-A Allaire; Les anciens; Montréal, Imprimerie de l'École Catholique des Sourds-Muets, 1910

DD Dictionnaire de droit québécois et canadien, avec lexique anglais-français, par Hubert Reid, 2e tirage, revu et corrigé, Montréal, Wilson & Lafleur ltée, 1996

DNB Dictionary of National Biography, London, Smith, Elder, & Co, 1885-1900

DPQ Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec, 1792-1992, PUL, 1993

ED Encyclopaedic Dictionary, edited by Robert Hunter, 4 v, Philadelphia, Syndicate Publishing Company, 1894

GPF Glossaire du parler français au Canada, Québec, PUL, 1968 [1930]

ICMH Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques

JCABC Journal de la Chambre d'Assemblée du Bas-Canada

JFL Journal d'un Fils de la Liberté, 1838-1855, par Amédée Papineau, Sillery, Septentrion, 1998

JLP Journal (inédit) de Lactance Papineau ANQQ, P 417/6

MD Lovell's Montreal Directory



ICMH Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques

JCABC Journal de la Chambre d'Assemblée du Bas-Canada

JFL Journal d'un Fils de la Liberté, 1838-1855, par Amédée Papineau, Sillery, Septentrion, 1998

JLP Journal (inédit) de Lactance Papineau ANQQ, P 417/6

L'AMI L'ami du peuple, de l'ordre et des lois (Montréal)

LIB Le Libéral (Québec)

MC Morning Courrier (Montréal)

MD Lovell's Montreal Directory

MD The Macmillan Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Toronto, Macmillan of Canada, 1985 [1978]

MG 24 B125 Comité de correspondance de Montréal

MGZ Montreal Gazette

MIN La Minerve (Montréal)

MS Mississiquoi Standard (Frelighburg)

MTL HERALD Montreal Herald

MQD Mackay's Quebec Directory

OED The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed, prepared by JA Simpson and ESC Weiner, 20 v, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989

RHAF Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française

SHM Société historique de Montréal 

MQD Mackay's Quebec Directory

OED The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed,  20 v, Clarendon Press, 1989

QG Quebec Gazette

QM Quebec Mercury

RG. Register Group. Archives publiques du Canada (Ottawa)

SJ Stanstead Journal (Stanstead)

VIND The Canadian Vindicator (Montréal)


Consultez les journaux d'époque conservés à la BAnQ

L'Ami du peuple, de l'ordre et des lois, 1832-1840 (Montréal)
Le Canadien, 1806-1909 (Québec)
Le Courier de Québec, 1807-1808
L'Écho du pays, 1832-1836 (Saint-Charles-sur Richelieu)
Le Fantasque, 1837-1849 (Québec)
La Gazette des Trois-Rivières, 1817-1822
Le Glaneur, 1836-1837 (Saint-Charles-sur-Richelieu)
Le Libéral / The Liberal, 1837 (Québec)
La Minerve, 1826-1899 (Montréal)
Le Pays, 1852-1869 (Montréal)
Le Populaire, 1837-1838 (Montréal)
Quebec Mercury, 1805-1903
La Quotidienne, 1837-1838 (Montréal)
Le Spectateur canadien 1813-1829 (Montréal)
The Vindicator, 1828-1837 (Montréal)

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